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In the early 1980s Burkina Faso experienced an Islamic resurgence which coincided with the advent of a "democratic and popular revolution", heralding a programme of authoritarian modernization, transforming civil society and incorporating it into the state sphere. In this context came profound and sometimes brutal changes; for Muslims, Islam was an instrument to rebuild their identity and preserve their autonomy as a community, in the face of heavier and heavier-handed state domination. However, this awakening has not necessarily expressed a rejection of the state; on the contrary, in certain cases it articulates the desire for inclusion in the centre of the revolutionary process.