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Publication Details
AFRICAN RESEARCH NEXUS
SHINING A SPOTLIGHT ON AFRICAN RESEARCH
earth and planetary sciences
Seven Years of Coordinated Chandra-NuSTAR Observations of SN 2014C Unfold the Extreme Mass-loss History of Its Stellar Progenitor
Astrophysical Journal, Volume 939, No. 2, Article 105, Year 2022
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Description
We present the results from our 7 yr long broadband X-ray observing campaign of SN 2014C with Chandra and NuSTAR. These coordinated observations represent the first look at the evolution of a young extragalactic SN in the 0.3-80 keV energy range in the years after core collapse. We find that the spectroscopic metamorphosis of SN 2014C from an ordinary type Ib SN into an interacting SN with copious hydrogen emission is accompanied by luminous X-rays reaching L x ≈ 5.6 × 1040 erg s−1 (0.3-100 keV) at ∼1000 days post-explosion and declining as L x ∝ t −1 afterwards. The broadband X-ray spectrum is of thermal origin and shows clear evidence for cooling after peak, with T ( t ) ≈ 20 keV ( t / t pk ) − 0.5 . Soft X-rays of sub-keV energy suffer from large photoelectric absorption originating from the local SN environment with NH int ( t ) ≈ 3 × 10 22 ( t / 400 days ) − 1.4 cm − 2 . We interpret these findings as the result of the interaction of the SN shock with a dense (n ≈ 105 − 106 cm−3), H-rich disk-like circumstellar medium (CSM) with inner radius ∼2 × 1016 cm and extending to ∼1017 cm. Based on the declining NHint(t) and X-ray luminosity evolution, we infer a CSM mass of ∼(1.2 f-2.0 f ) M ⊙ , where f is the volume filling factor. We place SN 2014C in the context of 121 core-collapse SNe with evidence for strong shock interaction with a thick circumstellar medium. Finally, we highlight the challenges that the current mass-loss theories (including wave-driven mass loss, binary interaction, and line-driven winds) face when interpreting the wide dynamic ranges of CSM parameters inferred from observations. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.
Authors & Co-Authors
Brethauer, Daniel
United States, Berkeley
University of California, Berkeley
United States, Evanston
Northwestern University
Margutti, Raffaella
United States, Berkeley
University of California, Berkeley
Milisavljevic, Danny
United States, West Lafayette
Purdue University
Bietenholz, Michael F.
Canada, Toronto
York University
Chornock, Ryan
United States, Berkeley
University of California, Berkeley
Coppejans, Deanne L.
United Kingdom, Coventry
University of Warwick
Hajela, Aprajita
United States, Evanston
Northwestern University
Terreran, Giacomo
United States, Santa Barbara
Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, Inc
United States, Santa Barbara
University of California, Santa Barbara
DeMarchi, Lindsay M.
United States, Evanston
Northwestern University
Jacobson-Galan, Wynn Vicente
United States, Berkeley
University of California, Berkeley
Kamble, Atish P.
United States, Cambridge
Harvard-smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Patnaude, Daniel J.
United States, Cambridge
Harvard-smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Stroh, Michael Cullen
United States, Evanston
Northwestern University
Statistics
Citations: 6
Authors: 13
Affiliations: 10
Identifiers
Doi:
10.3847/1538-4357/ac8b14
ISSN:
0004637X
Research Areas
Environmental