Impact of nanoparticle aggregation on heat transfer phenomena of second grade nanofluid flow over melting surface subject to homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions

It is well known that the inclusion of a certain quantity of nanoparticles boosts the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. The reason for this tremendous improvement is yet unknown. Consequently, finding the proper thermal effect of nanoscale particles requires an understanding of nanoparticle aggregation kinematics. The utilization of nanomaterials may be seen in a variety of technological and industrial applications. The influence of homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions on an incompressible flow of second-grade nanofluid through a stretched cylinder with NP aggregation is investigated in this work. Similarity transformations are used to change partial differential equations (PDEs) into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The Runge Kutta Fehlberg fourth fifth-order (RKF 45) technique and shooting approach are used to numerically solve these ODEs. The influence of major elements on flow fields and heat transfer rates is investigated and addressed using graphical representations. The results suggest that the fluid flow without NPs aggregation has better heat transmission than when the melting parameter increases. Furthermore, the higher mass transfer for fluid flow with aggregation condition is detected for increased values of strength of heterogeneous and homogeneous reaction parameters.